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From Habermas to Horkheimer's Early Work: Directions for a Materialist Reconstruction of Communicative Critical Theory

When, in the 1980s, Jürgen Habermas reached the crystallization of his communicative critical theory and completed its normative foundation based on his notorious "discourse ethics,"¹ the social philosophy of Max Horkheimer seemed irreversibly out-dated. Despite the fact that Habermas, from his very first steps in the 1960s,² was clearly influenced by the early work of the "founder" of the Frankfurt School, supporters of communicative theory felt justified to announce that "old critical theory" had been definitively surpassed, since it obviously belonged (along with Marx and Lukács) to the, by then, old-fashioned "philosophy of consciousness."³ If that were really the way...