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21st Century Politics

After the French Revolution, when "Left" and "Right" came to designate the two main political orientations in Europe, "modernity" became the dominant metaphysical horizon within which almost all political questions have been formulated. As Panajotis Kondylis has shown in Konservatismus and other works, earlier "pre-modern" conservative visions lingered on, buried mostly in fading institutions, but their time was up. In the 20th century, the major political ideologies—Bolshevism, fascism, Nazism, liberalism, etc.—have all been alternative modernist proposals for social reconstruction, concerned primarily with how to modernize society in what these ideologies postulate as the most efficient, just and rational way. Most...